How To Fix The All Star Game
There are many articles going around talking about how to fix the all star game. Well, here's another one! Let's get straight into my thoughts about how to fix it if the game has to count.
If the game counts:
1. Eliminate fan voting for the starters, have the managers pick the starters. Have the starters announced and then a week of fan voting for half of the bench players. Players pick the rest of the bench players, managers and players do half and half for picking the pitchers.
This was included because the game matters. Do you really want a guy like Yadier Molina (hitting .223/.301/.294 this season) starting because the fans like him the best out of the catchers? Sure, he is great at defense, but he is not the best option. The manager is more likely to pick the best-not the most popular-player.
The fans are not taken out of the equation all together, so they can still see their favorites in the game, just not as starters necessarily.
2. Allow all starters (except for pitcher and DH) to re-enter the game once.
This year for the first time, one player was allowed to re-enter the game. The manager had to pick a utility player to designate as this kind of player. Instead of this, why not let all the starters re-enter the game? This way instead of John Buck (who got the job done actually) being up in the 9th, the starter (picked by the manager in my situation) would be up.
My friend and I had an intense argument about this. He said there would be injuries and fatigued players and it would never work. People don't seem to understand the fact that if this game is deciding home field advantage, it is worth the injuries. If your ultimate goal is to reach the World Series AND win the World Series, wouldn't you want to go all out in hopes of winning home field advantage? I'm willing to argue about this.
91 comments
|
0 recs |
Do you like this story?
Comments
Depends on the team.
For a team like the Yankees, its easier to say its worth the injuries because we are contenders just about every year.
For a team like the Royals, or Indians, maybe it isn’t worth the injuries because they’re already not contenders.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:13 PM EDT via mobile reply actions
I like it
That place was for diehard sports fans. I only follow my team when they're in the playoffs" - Homer Simpson
Join the Lacrosse community The Lacrosse Blog
by bestbostonsports on Jul 14, 2010 5:13 PM EDT reply actions
I'm not sure if it's worth risking injuries over
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
So you don't want to go all out for HFA?
Writer for Pinstripe Alley
"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth."
"So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for."
R.I.P. Bob Sheppard, George Steinbrenner
Oh I see what your friend said now about re-entering and injuring
Eh, I don’t see how re-entering the game is going to injure a player. They are, after all, professional athletes. I don’t think risking a player’s health is worth having HFA in the World Series.. at least from a Yankee fan perspective. We’re far superior to any NL team… homefield isn’t make or break, either.
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:29 PM EDT up reply actions
I also didn't see how CMW was gonna end his Yankee career on the basepaths.
These things happen, and it would take one incident like a player getting injured to trigger fans anger over the change.
And I’m not saying it was make or break, but in ’01, neither us, or the DBacks won on the road. And I thought we were pretty damn superior to them.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:34 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
Sometimes that happens
The Diamondbacks did have the best record in baseball, though.
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:35 PM EDT up reply actions
True, but the AL was still dominant.
And we were still in Dynasty mode then.
Best record or not, I thought we were going to kill the DBacks that year.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:39 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
Yeah I hear you
Who thought we were going to lose to the Marlins? Especially after Boone’s walkoff to send us to the WS?
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:40 PM EDT up reply actions
Miserable times...
at least we beat the Phillies and Rollins, guy is a clown.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:41 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
Agreed sir
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:42 PM EDT up reply actions
Torre cost us that Marlins series
The Weaver move was awful, you cannot bring a guy in that hasnt pitched in a month and was mostly garbage anyway. Wells leaving his start didnt help either.
Yeah, Torre wasn't always good with bullpen management.
I know you aren’t a big Girardi fan, if they could’ve kept Torre, would you have liked that?
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:58 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
I think Torre deserved another year
I wanted Mattingly to get the job , I think if the Boss was still with it, there is no chance Girardi gets the job over Mattingly. Still not a fan of Girardi, but he is our manager and did bring us a title so I support him.
Yeah, sometimes I miss Torre,
Its weird seeing him as the Dodgers manager.
I like Girardi though, and I never saw Mattingly, so it doesn’t bother me.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 6:04 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
Its a shame you missed out on Mattingly
Guy was so good and played with such class. I hated to see two Yankee legends jettisoned for Girardi but thats what was meant to happen. I hope Torre continues on forever managing the Dodgers, I dont want Mattingly getting that job.
Me.
I knew it when i saw how Mo reacted AFTER Booney’s walk-off. In ’03,emotionally, THAT was our WS.
It drained us — especially when we had then had to rely on David “oh my back” Wells, Nick “ouch” Johnson, Jeff “Here, hit this” Weaver and Jose “glad they don’t have American scouts in Cuba” Contreras against a hungry young Marlins team.
We were NOT hungry in the 03 WS. It showed — and Torre never had the closer/killer fire in his belly to get back. That became evident the following year.
Fans voting, etc.
I don’t see letting fans vote as a bad thing. I mean, it’s the all-STAR game, not the all first half game. Who cares if the players starting have the best stats. Generally the starters are the guys who have consistently been in the top 2 or 3 at their positions for several years. I’d rather see that rewarded than the first 3 months of a baseball season. With that said I think they should let the fans vote for the pitchers as well.
Get rid of the stupid home field thing. Nobody watches the game because of it. Nobody plays any harder or less hard because of it. The managers still manage to get everyone in the game, not to win. Selig insists that logistically the world series can’t be awarded to the better record, so fine. Let it be determined by which league wins interleague play. Then at least it’s being determined by meaningful games, not an exhibition.
No, they should not change the rules of the game and allow players to leave and re-enter. The best thing the baseball all star game has going for it is that it’s the closest of all the all-star games to the actual game. Start changing rules and you lose that.
by Let's Talk About Tex Baby on Jul 14, 2010 6:24 PM EDT up reply actions
You know, the Interleague thing wouldn't be that bad of an idea
if Interleague itself wasn’t so mismatched. I have no proof in front of me, but doesn’t the AL pretty much win Interleague play every year?
"WHO WOULD LEAD?! THE CLOWN?!"
by I'mGivingYouARaise on Jul 14, 2010 6:29 PM EDT up reply actions
No love for the West and stuff.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:19 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
Not anymore they don't.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:25 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
EAST COAST BIAS!
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:29 PM EDT up reply actions
that wouldn't be fair
the Yankees would have a mythical beast, a God (and in the near future, his son), a closer that seems to be a gift from God, and they have Joba AND CHOP!
Sorry, but the other team simply wouldn’t stand a chance.
"I'm looking at 600 as first base. I want to run right through it and use it as a platform and a spring board for more to come"- Alex Rodriguez
How about
Take away the Home Field advantage rule? I’m actually fine with the fan voting, but the fans have a direct impact on a game that has an affect on the World Series, and that can’t happen.
Since the rule seems to be here to stay, I think the fan voting needs to be taken away for the starters at least.
I don’t like the “every starter can reenter rule”. Maybe make it for more than one player, but every starter? I think thats pushing it.
"I'm looking at 600 as first base. I want to run right through it and use it as a platform and a spring board for more to come"- Alex Rodriguez
Isnt the WS played for the fans?
What mistakes did the fans make that was worse than what the players and managers did?
Why is that pushing it?
I don’t get why you should have your backups in when it matters most
Writer for Pinstripe Alley
"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth."
"So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for."
R.I.P. Bob Sheppard, George Steinbrenner
Didnt we already have one of these posts already?
Why does the ASG need fixing? Its the best ASG in sports. I dont agree with either point. The game is for the fans, they should be able to vote in who they want. The fans did better than the players and managers this year for sure. Sure Molina’s numbers look bad right now, but why should a player only be an allstar because of their stats? Im sure there are plenty of guys that have been put on the ASG roster by managers or players that didnt belong either. I would rather they add more players than allow them to come back into the game.
Exactly. And somebody else said it a while ago,
Why should we have to worry about who has the best stats? I mean, occasionally you’ll get the popularity contest, but if the game is gonna count, I don’t care what the stats are.
If Joey Votto has better stats next year than Albert Pujols, are you REALLY going to be upset that Pujols might get the start if your team is in the NL?
No, cause its Albert Pujols, one of the best if not the best hitter in baseball. Forget the stats, I’ll take Pujols!
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:29 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
I agree
The game is for the fans, without them, the game will be finished. If the fans want to see Albert instead of Votto, than more power to them. Why I want the players and managers having more power? So more Omar Infante’s can make the team? So Jered Weaver can almost get left off while a guy like Arthur Rhodes can be named? Leave it alone. Lets work on the Wild Card instead.
We're not talking about Pujols we're talking about Yadier Molina
Writer for Pinstripe Alley
"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth."
"So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for."
R.I.P. Bob Sheppard, George Steinbrenner
I understand that,
but I’m talking in general. Yeah, you’re going to have those times when there is one or two REALLY bad choices.
But for the most part, I like who’s in it, and I can live with a snuff or two as long as the people I think are the best overall get in it.
Who would you have prefered over Yadier?
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 6:18 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
My point is that if the game matters it's more for the team than for the fans
There’s tons I would have taken over him based on stats alone. There may be sabermetrics or whatever that proves me wrong but based on stats alone he doesn’t look like the right choice
Writer for Pinstripe Alley
"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth."
"So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for."
R.I.P. Bob Sheppard, George Steinbrenner
I agree that is should be more for the team,
but sadly, money comes first and the more “average” fan who doesn’t care about metrics is going to be more inclined to watch a game where someone like Yadier is starting because he is a proven player over another guy who has better metrics for the first few months.
Would I change it completely? Nah. But you’re right, some change would be nice.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 6:37 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
Simply make the game not count.
If it’s for fun, with fan voting and trying to get every All Star on the field, then great. More power to it. Why MLB can’t seem to figure out the simplistic method of the team with the best record at the end of the season having home field advantage is beyond me.
"WHO WOULD LEAD?! THE CLOWN?!"
by I'mGivingYouARaise on Jul 14, 2010 5:25 PM EDT reply actions
Well
logic isn’t always paramount in regards to MLB, and Bud.
His mother has a tattoo that reads, "Son".
Sharks have a week dedicated to HIM.
"It doesn't take more than one person, to talk to a woman.
Stay thirsty my friends."
by Great Gatsby on Jul 14, 2010 5:28 PM EDT up reply actions
Clearly.
"WHO WOULD LEAD?! THE CLOWN?!"
by I'mGivingYouARaise on Jul 14, 2010 5:37 PM EDT up reply actions
If I wrote that I wouldn't have a post
I do agree with that, but that probably isn’t happening
Writer for Pinstripe Alley
"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth."
"So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for."
R.I.P. Bob Sheppard, George Steinbrenner
Haha, I know.
But really, that’s my only problem with the All Star Game. It was better when it didn’t count. Perhaps it’s just me, but I don’t find the All Star Game the least bit more exciting because it determines the home field advantage.
However, like you said, it, just like Interleague, isn’t going away anytime soon.
"WHO WOULD LEAD?! THE CLOWN?!"
by I'mGivingYouARaise on Jul 14, 2010 6:23 PM EDT up reply actions
I really didn't have a tremendous amount of complaints about the starters
Other than Heyward, and he was injured.
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
The plot thickens...
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:39 PM EDT up reply actions
No way.
That’d make too much sense.
"WHO WOULD LEAD?! THE CLOWN?!"
by I'mGivingYouARaise on Jul 14, 2010 5:41 PM EDT up reply actions
No, you think?!
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:43 PM EDT up reply actions
Give 'em a break!
Them and Cleveland should go out on a date
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:47 PM EDT up reply actions
No way!
Cleveland and Detroit.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:48 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
You're right
They won’t have to travel very far to see each other.. excellent point
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:50 PM EDT up reply actions
You forgot wagon.
"Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy?"
by Gelatin on Jul 14, 2010 5:48 PM EDT via mobile up reply actions
I think.....
Theres too many players in the game to be taken as a serious game………
Constantly switching players around so everyone gets a turn, instead of playing to win…..
by Gangsta Yanksta on Jul 14, 2010 5:48 PM EDT reply actions
You dont think both sides were playing to win?
I think the players play to win regardless of what is on the line. Why would they even go if they didnt want to win?
I think Pirate fans can't get over the fact that people are actually watching them!
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:51 PM EDT up reply actions
I feel bad for the Pirate and Royals fans
The owners and front offices of those teams have really driven away great fan bases.
Yeah really
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 5:53 PM EDT up reply actions
Especially the Pirates
Its only a matter of time before they trade McCutchen who is their only good player and there only All Star Evan Meek
They wont trade those two
They have some decent young talent now, I think they might have a plan in place. People are nuts if they think the Pirates will give up Meek. He is their closer in waiting. Dotel will be moved, I would rather the Yanks brought back …gasp…Farnsworth though.
Yeah, they do have some nice talent
but it wouldnt suprise me if that in two or three years if they still arent winning, they would trade them
They should just fold if they arent winning in 2 or 3 years.
I mean are they ever going to go over .500 again?
Who is back in the playoffs first?
Orioles or Pirates?
I’m going with Pirates on that, believe it or not.
"I'm looking at 600 as first base. I want to run right through it and use it as a platform and a spring board for more to come"- Alex Rodriguez
Pirates
If you were to ask if they were both in AL East or NL Central it’s a different story, but because of the divisions they are in, Pirates
Writer for Pinstripe Alley
"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth."
"So I close in saying that I may have had a tough break, but I have an awful lot to live for."
R.I.P. Bob Sheppard, George Steinbrenner
that was my argument too
and the O’s need a new owner if they are ever going to seriously compete again.
"I'm looking at 600 as first base. I want to run right through it and use it as a platform and a spring board for more to come"- Alex Rodriguez
Yes, and No......
Play to win…..
Yes, But Switching pitchers every inning just to get everyone in….
I mean what if David Price had perfect game going….
Your pulling out pitchers just when they’re getting in a good groove.
Your creating a situation where if you only are going to be in for 1 inning, its creates more of a save mentality instead of a starter’s….
I’m just saying…… it should be a 25 man roster…. and the entire game is played by the best the entire game. Starting pitcher should be the Ace from the Division team in first place.
by Gangsta Yanksta on Jul 14, 2010 5:58 PM EDT reply actions
Perfect game in the ASG?
There is no chance any pitcher is going 3 these days let alone 9. The game is played with the best players. You cant pitch the ace in the game if he just pitched. I dont want CC hurting his arm for a frigging ASG.
Its the point, Not the chance of it happening.
CC is just as much at risk to get hurt pitching 8 innings in an ASG than against the athletics…….. Quite frankly, in comparison………. I’d rather have him pitch the ASG to secure HFA for us. Then to get an everyday series win that really isn’t THAT important
by Gangsta Yanksta on Jul 14, 2010 6:14 PM EDT up reply actions
And i know the logic is unfair to.....
Other great and even better pitchers / players around the league….. but when the reward is only important to Pennant contending teams…
But hey….. Maybe it will push teams as a whole even harder to compete who knows
by Gangsta Yanksta on Jul 14, 2010 6:17 PM EDT up reply actions
Here's a thought to make the game more interesting after yesterday's low-scoring ASG:
3-inning free-for-all!
The nine worst teams in each league each send their worst pitcher for the All-Star Game.
These nine pitchers each pitch 1/3 inning in the 1st-3rd innings, giving the starting position players from each league a chance to pad the scoreboard a bit before they bring in the aces in the 4th-9th innings. This way we get the best of both worlds: excellent pitching and high scoring!
lol
Not a bad suggestion… game gets so boring when there’s great pitching
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 6:29 PM EDT up reply actions
thanks
Alternatively, they could always combine the HRD and ASG:
Pitching like in HRD, no strike-outs.
Any fair ball is considered to be in play.
Oh, and 10 outs per half-inning!
If they can’t turn that into a high-scoring game, they can’t turn anything into a high-scoring game!
lol
imagine telling a pitcher on your team
“hey, you’ve been so bad this year you’re going to the All-Star game to help make the game more high scoring”!
"I'm looking at 600 as first base. I want to run right through it and use it as a platform and a spring board for more to come"- Alex Rodriguez
Why do I need to watch the ASG to see CHOP or Joba throw batting practice?
I can just watch the regular season for that.
+1
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 9:44 PM EDT up reply actions
This ASG Homefield Advantage thing might come to an end sooner than later
I missed this yesterday, but MLBPA chief Michael Weiner said that there is “strong sentiment” among the union that using the All-Star Game to determine home field advantage for the World Series is a dumb idea. The players think that home field should be determined by regular-season record:
Weiner said Tuesday that he expected to have “healthy discussions” on the topic as part of next year’s collective bargaining. He said the players never embraced the concept of awarding home-field advantage in the World Series to the the winning league in the All-Star game, but they reluctantly agreed in order to satisfy FOX, which broadcasts the event.
Craig Calcaterra
Can we really trust baseball to a man with the last name of Weiner?
Stay tuned!
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 14, 2010 9:45 PM EDT up reply actions
So we have a Weiner on one side and a dick on the other
Baseball is in great hands, isnt it?
by YankeesJets on Jul 14, 2010 10:06 PM EDT up reply actions
The old way was better
I definitely agree the ASG should not determine which league gets home field for the WS. But neither should it be determined by record. Until the strike in ‘94, it was usually the league hosting the ASG that usually ended up with the WS HFA. They should return to that formula to insure that the same team (should they return to the WS after winning it the previous year) wouldn’t have HFA the following year (or if they didn’t the previous season, have it upon returning). At least this guarantees the WS begins at a different location every year.
by sabrecliff28 on Jul 14, 2010 11:47 PM EDT up reply actions
Fan voting
I don’t mind the fans voting, I kinda like it actually. The HFA for the winner needs to be taken away, give it to the team with the best record (common sense) and the managers need to let the starters play a lot longer. After all, they ARE the ones for which the fans voted. This way the real stars of baseball could be showcased and the fans would get their money’s worth. Who wants to watch when the players they wanted to see are all gone from the game by the 3rd or 4th inning? The bench players should be just that; bench players. If they get to play, great. If not, oh well. Their reward is just to be named to the team in the first place. Isn’t that honor enough?
The easiest way to fix the whole problem is....
DOn’t make every player play. If the starters or the first set of subs (in case the starters weren’t “the best” players) just stayed in for 8 or 9 innings then you’d definitely have a game that would be fair (like before I was born). Everything else is fine for now. Interleague play record would be my pick for the HFA but even that is somewhat flawed. There is no way to truly judge one team against another because not everyone plays home and home.
Two things:
1.) I’m not convinced the managers would do a better job of choosing a lineup than the fans. We saw it this year with Manual choosing Howard over Votto. We see it EVERY YEAR. As a whole, the fans do a pretty good job at choosing lineups. I would eliminate the ability to vote 25x from one email address. I would also expand the rosters to 40 players.
2.) The MLB ASG is the best ASG in professional sports. Since the change in 2003, every game have been compelling – despite the AL winning all but one. You can’t say that about any other sport. It’s also worth mentioning that in the last 20 years only 3 World Series have gone to 7 games. Also, since the AL has had HFA since 2003, the AL was won 4 World Series and the NL has won 3. HFA does very little to affect the outcome of a series.
I think I posted this in another post
But here’s my solution:
All-Star Game shouldn’t determine HFA for the World Series. Then everything else is fine for the ASG. There are always going to be snubs, but if you can’t trust fans, managers, and players, who are you going to trust? Each group has made glaring mistakes in picking All-Star Game participants in the past and they will in the future. So for people like Mat Latos and Youk, tough break, but it happens.
Did you know Joe Morgan thinks Cano will win a batting title one day?
Can we just get rid of it all together?
This years All Star game was just awful unwatchable TV. That whole opening ceremony was too god damn long. From announcing everybody playing and everybody NOT playing and that whole All Stars thing, ya know its a nice gesture but I feel like including Ben Affleck and Julia Roberts and Charlice Theron and all these other celebrites just kinda douches it up, like it was just 10 minutes of unwatchable television. I am sorry. Then the girl from Glee singing but not even singing the Star Spangled banner, shes singin Alica Keys I dunno the whole thing was just really fuckin awful. The whole thing seems like its just become a spectacle for everything but baseball and the whole “home field advantage” is just a bad attempt to make it relevant when its just not. If I played MLB baseball I wouldn’t even attend these things after I was lucky enough to be elected to one, its just gotten so terrible and FOX just epitomizes everything I hate about sports. The whole thing was just terrible this year and don’t get me started on the homerun derby. Brett Gardners got 3 homeruns why didn’t he participate?
While I agree the pre game and the music stunk, the game was fine
If you dont like it, watch something else.
Getting rid of the ASG is foolish
"Winning is the most important thing in my life, after breathing. Breathing first, winning next." -George Michael Steinbrenner III
by Chris McKeown on Jul 15, 2010 8:52 PM EDT up reply actions

by 





















